The Rule of Self-Reliance in the Nineteenth Century Literature Essay

The Rule of Self-Reliance in the Nineteenth Century Literature - Essay Example The paper will talk about four focuses: an accentuation on interrelationships, partition of independence from segregation, and isolation from depression, and the authors’ ramifications of saving distinction. Mankind is supposed to be interconnected with each other, yet in the nineteenth century, huge numbers of abstract works have confined this idea and grasped independence. Thoreau, Emerson, and Douglass are a portion of the individuals who have set off the mentality of perusers that confidence isn't a block to masculinity. Beginning with Thoreau, his line, â€Å"be sure that you give the poor the guide they most need† (Thoreau 61), proposes that everybody should help those out of luck. Walden by Thoreau unmistakably expresses his life exercises wherein he suggests that regardless of confidence, individuals despite everything need one another (Fletcher-Spear 59). Starting here, it tends to be said that individuals need each other to endure. Likewise, a line from Emerso n’s Self-Reliance delineates that one â€Å"cannot be upbeat and solid until he also lives with nature† (Emerson 11). This is one of his most profoundly fulfilling lines involving that everybody is interconnected and interrelated (Gowler 76). In light of this, Emerson will in general underline that satisfaction is unreachable except if individuals never comprehend that life must be lived alone. Besides, Douglass likewise installed such a thought in a line in his Narrative expressing that if just every ace would show their slave how to peruse â€Å"he would on the double become†¦no incentive to his master† (Douglass 107). What Douglass attempts to involve is that instruction, education, and reason are noteworthy for slaves who make progress toward liberation and their lords can be the sole supplier of such needs (Kohn 499; Radloff 84). From his piece, he underscores that even less-lucky individuals in this world, for example, slaves, and their separate exper ts have interrelationships, it is possible that it might be to benefit both, or to serve just one gathering. Through and through, the three creators have interesting methodologies on underscoring the interrelationships of people dependent on their encounters. Their standards unmistakably propose that there is actually no man in an island, and everybody needs each other so as to endure. As far as independence and segregation, from this line, â€Å"I lived alone†¦in a house which I had constructed myself† (Thoreau 5), Thoreau suggests independence as he can live without the assistance of anyone, and he isolated the possibility of detachment from utilizing a different line, â€Å"...in my neighborhood† (Thoreau 17). Thoreau accentuates that independence can be seen from living in seclusion, however he isolated the possibility of detachment as he portrayed that his neighbors live a long way from his area and the possibility of independence as he can build his own home without the assistance of his neighbors. In this regard, Thoreau’s handy methodology plainly isolates independence from disconnection by methods for being down to earth (qtd. in Bodily 213). Likewise, Emerson’s line, â€Å"a man is to conduct himself within the sight of all opposition† (Emerson 4) delineates an away from of independence from segregation since he didn't portray anything about being disconnected; rather, he inferred an idealistic discernment that one can remain solitary regardless of whether others endeavor to contradict (Gowler 76). Emerson will in general suggest that independence can be alluded to remaining in one’s own standards regardless of whether others restrict - this resistance is an excellent of

College Admission Essay Topics 2015 - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

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Veteran Essay Topics For Veterans

Veteran Essay Topics For VeteransIf you're a veteran, your Veterans Essay Topics may be more challenging than they once were. The first thing to do is to make an appointment with a VA specialist who can help you get your Veteran Essay Topic organized and on paper. It's best to begin working on your topic early in the process.As you begin to work on Veterans Essay Topics, make a list of things you might want to talk about. At least 10 topics to get started, then ask yourself 'is this one of them?' Next, pick one or two topics that you feel you have the most potential to express, but which aren't very likely to produce powerful results.Write down the topic in detail. Look at it over again. Find the emotional connection that is most important to you, and make sure that you have already written about that topic before you reach the next step. Write all of your Veteran's Essay Topics down in a notebook, taking note of where you are at this point in the writing process.You should be able t o write about the specific experiences that you have had during your service in your veterans essay topics. But remember that you need to remain faithful to the theme, so don't deviate too much from the theme. Remember also that if you choose to write about something that you haven't personally experienced, then you will probably get nowhere fast.Some Veterans Essay Topics requires that you include examples or photographs of your own service in some way. Since so many veterans are not going to be able to read a page-and-a-half of text from memory, you should keep the examples short and simple. It's not as easy as saying, 'I served in the Army and we never got to eat this very fine chocolate cake, but I really enjoyed a very good meal.'Your Veterans Essay Topics may cover any number of topics. Just bear in mind that the more different topics you have to write about, the better. If you've never written a general essay before, then the idea is to give yourself plenty of practice. It's okay to be nervous about writing about such a broad subject, but if you do it enough, you'll find that you'll become more comfortable with the topic and it won't seem quite as overwhelming.Writing about military issues can be particularly daunting. But that doesn't mean that you have to give up! There are a lot of veterans Essay Topics that focus on mental health and other emotional aspects of living with post-traumatic stress. This can be especially helpful when a veteran is writing about life after military service and needs to connect with others in their own community.Take your time to write your Veterans Essay Topics well. It's important to look at all of your options carefully before choosing which ones to write about.

Testing for Drugs In The Olympics Essay - 1507 Words

Have you ever watched the Olympics and wondered how the athletes can be that strong and fast? The International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) certainly has. Each year the athletes come up with new ways to enhance their performance, and make it harder for the Olympic drug testers to detect banned substances. With performance enhancing drugs becoming harder to police, the burden of trying to keep the Olympics as clean as possible falls on the I.O.C.s shoulders. Drug use in the Olympics is not a new idea. Dating back to the runners and javelin throwers of ancient Greece and Rome, athletes have been looking for supposedly magic potions (Corelli, par. 1). With competition growing stronger and stronger throughout the†¦show more content†¦The I.O.C., fearing false positive tests of clean athletes and subsequent lawsuits in nations that enjoy due process, such as the United States, has set the dirty bar extremely high (Are Drugs, par. 6). Therefor, most athletes are careful to choose the hard-to-detect drugs, or stop taking the drugs well in advance of announced tests. One agency that is separate from the I.O.C., called the World Anti-Doping Agency, may be able to make a difference. This agency is currently conducting 2,500 out-of-competition tests, the only kind with any reasonable chance to catch a cheat. Frank Shorter, chairman of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says, I want reciprocity, so any country thats not tested up to our standards cant compete here...I want to get the athletes involved...the Australians are voting on maybe giving voluntary blood tests in Sydney to prove theyre clean. Thats a sign of willingness (Are Drugs, par. 26). The I.O.C. is constantly making efforts to find more reliable tests for detecting performance-enhancing drugs. In the 1996 Summer Olympics, the I.O.C. authorities introduced high-resolution mass-spectrometers to help detect anabolic steroids and other banned substances in athletes (Corelli, par. 2). But not even these high-tech machines can always find the substances in the athletes urine. Some of the athletes use methods such as storing clean urine samples in bodyShow MoreRelatedPreventing PEDs in Professional Sports Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) among athletes in professional sports has caused an outrage all around the world for many years. The use of PEDs not only affects the athlete that chooses to use them, but also the athletes they are competing against, other teams, and the team or country they are representing (â€Å"Survey Reveals†). It is important for athletes to maintain a good reputation in competition, because they need to represent their team in a positive manner and not create suspicionRead MoreThe World Anti Doping Agency1446 Words   |  6 PagesWith the 2016 Summer Olympics just around the corner our media is capturing both positive accomplishments and negative behavior about the potential Olympic athletes and telling us everything we didn’t want to know. Doping is always a highlighted issue and we in America are familiar with it in our high profile sports culture such as NFL, NBA, and MLB but it is not just in our homeland culture. It has been internationally affecting the Olympics since its inception in 776-393BC and modern day resurrectionRead MoreHow Society Is Affected By Drug Usage In Sport?1540 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs have been a problem in our society for years. They have been used and abused by many groups, including amateur and professional athletes. Drugs are also used for recreational use not just for performance enhancement. Society is directly influenced by the usage of drugs in sport. A study in 2002 showed that An estimated 3 million people aged 15 or older reported that they used marijuana or hashish at least once in the year before the survey This shows that 12.2% of all Canadians either haveRead MoreDrugs in Sports 934 Words   |  4 Pagesthat use drugs while performing in the Olympic games should have some type of punishment. They should not just be able to get away with everything. Even though not every athlete uses drugs while performing, any drugs that is, the ones who do should have to pay the price. When they use drugs while they are performing, they are risking their whole career, and even their life. Athletes should be requ ired to take a drug test if they plan on performing in the Olympics. Athletes that use drugs shouldRead MoreSteroids Is The Single Most Abused Performance Enhancing Substance737 Words   |  3 PagesSteroids are the single most abused performance-enhancing substance in the history of sports. As popular as the drug may be, the DEA listed anabolic steroids as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substance Act in 1990: meaning steroids can only be prescribed by a medical professional (Parks 12). Steroids are not only creating a poor image of professional sports, they also set a terrible example for the athletic, competitive youth of this generation. Children venerate their role models -Read MoreThe Use of Illegal Drugs in Sports Essay examples1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Illegal Drugs in Sports â€Å"He’s at the 40, the 30, the 20, the 10, the 5, TOUCHDOWN!!† Can you imagine the joy of having 100,000 people chanting your name and cheering as loud as they could just for you? Now try imagine having all of that, then having it taken away because you tested positive for illegal drugs. This is the harsh reality for several professional athletes. They get a small taste of greatness but instead of working harder they take a drug and immediately notice improvementRead MorePro Doping in Sports Debate825 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Medical Ethics Program at the University of Wisconsin Steroid Hysteria: Unpacking the Claims, American Medical Association Journal of Ethics Nov. 2005 Drugs vs. Technology Sport is for enjoyment and competition, and usually aims to improve; but what is the difference between increasing skill and performance by training, and taking drugs? If it is the use of personal effort rather than outside help, then what of ropes, crampons and oxygen fo r climbing? What of advanced training by teams of sportsRead MoreChallenges Faced by Sports Management730 Words   |  3 Pagesticket prices. 1. Doping The use of performance-enhancing drugs by professional athletes has been a controversial issue for many years. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the use of performance enhancing drugs can actually be traced all the way back to the ancient Olympic games. Athletes often use artificial stimulants to give them a physical and/or mental advantage over their opponents. There are several types of performance-enhancing drugs; some of the most popular include anabolic steroids,Read MoreThe Role Of Ben Johnson During The Olympic Olympics1103 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigation into drugs in sports. Johnson was a well-known Canadian runner. He won gold in the 1988 Olympics breaking both world and Olympic records. Winning the gold medal at the Seoul Olympic Games gave Canadians a reason to celebrate and led to widespread celebrations across the country. Winning gold for one’s country bring pride to the country and Canada took full advantage. It is believed that the Prime Minister even used the victory to call a federal election. After the Olympics were over, theRead MoreIssues Plaguing the Olympic Games680 Words   |  3 PagesEven with the fact that the Olympic Games should be perceived as being a happy event that influences society as a whole to direct its interest toward concepts like sports and health, they are often responsible for generating some of the most intriguing controversies. Drug testing has progressed greatly during the recent years and it is difficult and almost impossible for an athlete to take drugs that are not accepted by the International Olympic Comittee. Even with this, many risk losing their career

Communication and Collaboration Strategies for Different Learning Styles and Personality Types - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 616 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Communication and collaboration Strategies for Different learning styles and personality Types Gen/200 Even though most people do not understand learning and intelligence well enough, it is proven that people have different learning style and personality type based on multiple pathways to learning and personality spectrum. People have different learning style and personality type and based on my findings from the multiple pathways to learning assessment, three learning styles were identified. The three leaning styles identified were: musical, naturalistic and bodily/kinesthetic. The musical learning style was the first finding in my assessment and based on Howard Gardner, the musical learner â€Å"creates rhythms out of words, beat out of rhythms with hand or stick, play instrumental Music/write raps, put new material to songs you already know and take music breaks†. (eBook collection, keys to college studying: become an active thinker). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication and Collaboration Strategies for Different Learning Styles and Personality Types" essay for you Create order The strategy that I would use for effective communication and collaboration in this learning style would be to make up lyrics with the study material, link the lyrics to a well known song and rehearse it a few times with the learner because that way the musical learner would have an easier time remembering the material needed. The second learning style is the naturalistic learner. This type of learner likes to have a profound understanding of nature and has appreciation for it so the strategy I would use for this type of learner would be to form a learning group with the same interest and study outside instead of inside, that way the learner would be more interested in the study material which makes it easier to remember what was thought. The third leaning style is bodily-kinesthetic. The bodily-kinesthetic learns better by body movements so the strategy that I would use for this would be to make up a play with the learning material and recite that play a few times with the learner until the learner had the play all memorized, that way he or she would remember the material when needed. The personality spectrum is a way to find out the type of personality a person has allowing that person to find ways to learn better and interact with others. The three personality spectrum I found based on the assessment were: organizer, adventurer and giver. The organizer is responsible, likes organization, always wants material to be explained in detail and completes tasks on time. The strategy that I would use for this personality type would be to make flash cards containing the material needed to be learned, make the organizer study the flash cards and test the organizer on the material from the flash cards. The adventurer is the second personality type on the spectrum assessment and one of the characteristic for the adventurer is to learn by hands-on so that would be the strategy I would use with the adventurer. I would take the material needed to be learned and make the adventurer create something based on that. The third type of personality on the spectrum assessment is the giver. The giver tends to be honest, enjoys staying close to other people, likes to communicate and help others. One strategy I would use with the giver would be to allow the giver to prepare the material and teach it to a group of people, by teaching the giver would process the learning material faster and keep that material in his brain for when needed. In conclusion, Understanding the different learning styles and personality types is very helpful when trying to learn something and interact with others. Reference page university of phoenix, . (2010, September  1). keys to college studying: Becoming an active thinker [2e]. Message posted to https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx

Psychological Intervention and Schizophrenia Essay

Psychological Intervention and Schizophrenia There are perhaps two main prongs to the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as an intervention for schizophrenia, the first being based upon the sizable research that centre on family interventions, which have been successful in reducing patient relapse in schizophrenic families (Pilling et al., 2002). Family interventions are important to consider as they became established treatments during a phase where drug treatments were the main focus of attention in this field and so opened the area of non biological treatment for schizophrenia. And as I will touch upon later drug therapies are frequently used to reduce psychotic symptoms and relapse but these treatments rarely provide the†¦show more content†¦In a study by Jackson et al, 1998 in which the therapist engages with the patient shortly after the first psychotic symptoms have subsided. The focus of the therapy is the patient’s adaptation to the psychotic illness and secondary symptoms. Patients who receiv ed CBT and those who refused CBT were compared with those who did not qualify for CBT on either of the conditions and who lived outside the region. When compared with the control group those who received CBT adapted better to the illness, understood the illness more (the Explanatory model), scored better on the Quality of Life Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). However the CBT group only outperformed the CBT refusal group on the adaptation to the illness. There was no significant difference in the relapse rates of either group. This particular study is limited by pre-treatment differences. The control group had a mean duration of psychosis of 91 days and the CBT patients 19 days; also the reliability of the study was not reported. Thus this study which focussed on early intervention showed only slight benefit of CBT. As-well as help the patient to adapt to their illness early on, cognitive interventions can also challenge the patient’s long held belief system by verbally challenging the system and reality testing. Pointing out irrationalities and inconsistencies in the belief systems ofShow MoreRelatedClinical And Clinical Research Project1344 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. As the clinical symptoms of this disorder emerge during early adulthood, abnormal developmental processes are thought to contribute to the pathos-physiology of the disorder. It was discovered the the DA intervention of the prefrontal cortex undergoes significant change up until adulthood which leads to Finlay’s hypothesis that the abnormal development of this system may be related to the emergence of schizophrenia. Experimental and clinical researchRead MoreThe Treatment Prospects For Schizophrenia1571 Words   |  7 PagesProspects for Schizophrenia Cecilia Pivarunas Northern Virginia Community College Abstract Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that can present in many different ways. Most often, symptoms display in a negative or positive manner. While medications are on the market to mitigate symptoms, the optimal treatment method couples both pharmaceutical and psychiatric rehabilitation. The Patient Outcomes Research Team, commonly called PORT, has issued treatment recommendations for Schizophrenia. The firstRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Early Onset Psychosis868 Words   |  4 PagesEarly onset psychosis is defined as psychotic symptoms within a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses, appearing in an individual before the age of 18 years old. Psychosis, including schizophrenia, comprises a major group of psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions (psychotic symptoms) that alter perception thoughts, affect and behavior, and which can considerably impair a child or young person’s development, relationships, and phys icalRead MoreEfficacy And Psychological Interventions For Psychosis And Adolescents And Young Adults : A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis951 Words   |  4 PagesEfficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117166 Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and safety issues surrounding pharmacological and psychological interventions as treatments for psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents, and young adultsRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Onset Schizophrenia Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages SOWK 506- Fall 2015 Assignment #3: Child Onset Schizophrenia Becki Kennedy and Mary Marrone USC School of Social Work December 11, 2015 Martha Lyon-Levine Introduction This research paper focuses on the issue of child onset schizophrenia, specifically looking at the prognosis, symptoms, stigma, and most effective treatment options for children. This topic has become a significant social issue as a result of the recent mass school shootings throughout the nationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Henry s Demons By Patrick Cockburn1092 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book, Henry’s Demons by Patrick Cockburn, Patrick and his family explain the extensive, long term effects of schizophrenia on the people who are diagnosed, and their loved ones. Henry goes through his first psychotic breakdown in 2002, when he almost drowned trying to swim the Estuary at Newhaven. He spends several years at the mental hospital, attempting to escape more than 30 times, fighting with himself to recover. This book truly teaches about the disorder and explores the subjective experienceRead MoreSchizophrenia/Psychosis/Life Span948 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia and Psychosis and Life Span Development Paper Shanda Walton University of Phoenix October 20, 2008 Schizophrenia translates as split mind and the psychological changes can be so profound that the affected individual is thrust into a world that bears little resemblance to everyday experience. The person with schizophrenia lives in an internal world marked by thought processes that have gone awry; delusions, hallucinations, and generally disordered thinking become the normRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1267 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, in 2012, approximately 1% or 2.4 million people were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder in which symptoms usually develop in men in their late teens or early twenties, and women in their early twenties and thirties (Anderson, 2014). It is a psychotic disorder characterized by loss of contact with the environment, by a noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life, and by a disintegration ofRead MoreThe And Progression Of Schizophrenia159 2 Words   |  7 Pages Two-Hit Model of Schizophrenia, Discussion, Criticism, and Application to The Onset and Progression of Schizophrenia LA14495 University of Maryland Baltimore County December 2016 Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the two-hit model of schizophrenia, including what it is, how it may inform treatment and prevention of schizophrenia, how it applies to schizophrenia for the duration of onset and progression, and how various primary sources support or challenge the modelRead MoreIs Art A Mirror On Society?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesis feeling and what it is dealing with. As an art form this is true of film as well. Throughout history there have been iconic movies that illustrate a number of psychological issues. From depression to retrograde amnesia and obsessive compulsive disorder. The movies are a pretty good place to start when one is looking for psychological disorders in art. For this reason they are a great place to start when one is looking for the public’s perception of mental illnesses. Of course the producers of

Trends In Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Trends In Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices? Answer: Introducation Direct Exporting: The Company will be selling products directly into the new market by using distributors and agents as representatives. The distributors and agents will be the face of our company, and they will work closely with the head office to represent the company interests in the global markets(Abdi Aulakh, 2012, p. 480). International Joint Ventures: Entering into a joint venture with a foreign company dealing with the clothing products will help our company to penetrate the new markets by facing a few obstacles. Ideally, the international joint venture offers expertise about the new market and provide necessary business networks(Calegario, Houston, Bruhn, 2015, p. 49). Trade Intermediaries: Our Company will use trade intermediaries to save on the resources that may be required to enter the new markets directly. Trader intermediaries usually buy products at the lower rate and resell them in the global markets(Brouthers Hennart, 2012, p. 398). Direct Exporting Directing exporting through distributors and agents in the overseas markets will offer our business low-risk strategy of entering the international arena. It is cheap and easier to export directly in the new global markets instead of transferring our production to the host country target markets. Our company is still small and therefore, relying on direct exporting will save it from international markets entry resource commitment, excessive costs and risks associated with the new market entry strategies. Our product, Trendy T-Shirt have not yet entered the international arena. Therefore, there is less competition for our product in the new markets, and it will be easy to get it sold through direct exporting. Direct exporting gives our company an opportunity to engage the natives in the host country as company distributors and agents. International Joint Ventures Establishing international joint ventures will enable our company to sell products in the new markets without necessarily meeting the trade regulations in the host country. The company in the foreign market will cater for the business compliance requirements. International joint ventures will work best for the countries that tax foreign business higher than the domestic ones. This strategy can be appropriate when entering the Chinese market as well as other countries in the Asian continent. This strategy will the most suitable for the countries that require all business ventures to have partial ownership of the domestic business partners(Matarazzo Resciniti, 2014, p. 60). Joint venture strategy will help our company to penetrate new markets with ease because all the market operations and activities will be left to be handled by the foreign company. Trade Intermediaries Our company is still young and new in the international market. Therefore, it will appropriate to rely on entrepreneurial intermediaries to provide company products in the new markets. Trade intermediaries have established relationships and contacts and hence will save our company more resources that could have been employed on other strategies. The low price that our company will sell products to international intermediaries will be cheaper than the cost of entering the global markets directly. Our Company lacks international market expertise. However, selling products to the intermediaries at the reduced price will facilitate an entry strategy in the new markets. Trade intermediaries save our company from transportation and marketing costs that are transferred to the global entrepreneur through reduced product prices. References Abdi, M., Aulakh, P. (2012). Do country-level institutional frameworks and interfirm governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business relationships? Journal of International Business Studies, 43(5), 477497. Brouthers, K., Hennart, J. (2012). Boundaries of the firm: Insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 33(3), 395425. Calegario, C. L., Houston, J. E., Bruhn, N. P. (2015). Foreign Market Entry Strategies in the United States/European Union Agribusiness Trade Context. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 3(3), 47-61. Matarazzo, M., Resciniti, R. (2014). New Trends in Foreign Market Entry Mode Choices: The Case of Italian MidSized Companies. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(2), 57-70.

Political Action Committees Essays - , Term Papers

Political Action Committees A political action committee is used to help rally up as much money as possible in order to help for a political campaign. This is why it is good to have " friends in the right places" (chapter 8, page 234 ) so no matter what, the voice of candidates can be reached all over the country. Costs have escalated throughout the years in presidential elections. Because of this, candidates will choose to raise even more than what's really needed in order to have the best outcome as possible. With presidential campaigns costs skyrocketing, it's even harder to run. Nowadays, banks and big time corporations are not even allowed to make any donations to help the candidates. The candidates have no financial help throughout the whole campaign. Money is an effective way where interest groups prove most effective to providing influence in elections. Political Action Committees. Since the donations given from PACs are seen as a form of "speech", there is no limit in how much money a PAC can donate to candidate campaigns. To further support a candidate by using money, Super PACs may be formed. Super PACs are able to obtain and spend an unlimited amount of money from larger donors, however Super PACs must report the donors to the Federal Election Commission wit a monthly and quarterly basis. Super PACS affect the voting system is the democracy. However, they distract politicians and make running for a certain office hard and not an even play. The nation sees everything. The nation helps. Having people to help get the word to the nation is what will help those wanting to run the nation, a better chance. The american people can see which committees support the presidential candidates. Some groups of people don't support certain committees. However, Americans need to understand that PACs affect candidates. PACs run politics now. It is how they give the american population an insight as to what is going on and how it will go down. Without the PACs, the whole nation would be lost and blind on who is running and the candidates would not have any money to showcase themselves to the americans . Schultz, Christine. American Government and Politics in the New Millennium. 10th ed., Abigail Press, 1998.

why sethes children arent hers essays

why sethes children arent hers essays Why Sethes children werent hers "It is the ultimate gesture of a loving mother. It is the outrageous claim of a slave". These are the words that Toni Morrison used to describe the actions of the central character within the novel, Beloved. That character, Sethe, is presented as a former slave woman who chooses to kill her baby girl rather than allowing her to be exposed to the physically, emotionally, and spiritually oppressive horrors of a life spent in slavery. Sethe's action is indisputable: She has killed her child. Sethe's motivation is not so clearly defined. By killing her "Beloved" child, has Sethe acted out of true love or selfish pride? The fact that Sethe's act is irrational can easily be decided upon. Does Sethe kill her baby girl because she wants to save the baby from slavery or does Sethe end her daughter's life because of a selfish refusal to reenter a life of slavery? By examining the complexities of Sethe's character it can be said that she is a woman who chooses to love her children but not hers elf. Sethe kills her baby because, in Sethe's mind, her children are the only good and pure part of who she is and must be protected from the cruelty and the "dirtiness" of slavery. In this respect, her act is that of love for her children. Throughout Beloved, Sethe's character consistently displays the duplistic nature of her actions. Not long after Sethe's reunion with Paul D. she describes her reaction to School Teacher's arrival. Sethe's words suggest that she has made a moral stand by her refusal to allow herself and her children to be dragged back into the evil of slavery. From the beginning, it is clear that Sethe believes that her actions were morally justified. The peculiarity of her statement lies in her omission of the horrifying fact that her moral stand was based upon the murder of her child. By not even approaching the subject of her daughter's death, it is also made clear that Sethe has detache ...

Should minors who commit violent crimes be tried as adults Research Paper - 1

Should minors who commit violent crimes be tried as adults - Research Paper Example Has there been a day that a war was crucial in the reputation of a nation and the adults did not reach a decision to give them weapons? This is a clear line drawn between the adults and minors, why then should we conclude that this case is different and this minor deserves equal treatment as adults and be locked away in prisons with the grownups (Bernard, 2010). For years now, history has come to the defense of the minors, nations that have attempted to recruit children in warfare have had the leaders tried or sanctioned. This case has also cut across decades where children have had to face the juvenile system. Why then change this after having proven productive for ages. Currently, the status of this dilemma stipulates that they should be tried separately although there are lawmakers who insist otherwise. Research conducted recently has demonstrated that transfer of minors from the juvenile courts to adult courts has not reached the goal of lowering recidivism, on the contrary, it aggravates the situation by making the crimes increase. The minors have always positioned minors for redemption and reform. Juvenile detention facilities possess the same programs implemented to assist in the reformation process unlike the prisons (Bernard, 2010). Trying them as adults would hurt the economy, some of the verdicts would mean life imprisonments, what good does this do where they feed and pay salary to wardens for their entire life whereas the juvenile facilities would have reformed them and brought them back to the society to be beneficial to entire economy. Minors introduced to the prison system have their social lives terminated and altered to a direction that would otherwise not have been acquired if it were for the juvenile facility. Basically, it is unethical to see children as young as 13 undergo the same hard task and punishment as the seniors, prisons are not friendly places

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Business Law - Essay Example This paper finds that implied terms, as it has long been considered to be integral component of the structure of employment contract, plays vital role in the formation of terms and conditions that are applicable to the employment contract. The research is structured considering the doctrine of precedence and the employment relationship. An employment contract forms to be the basis on which an employee is employed under an employer. If there is no employment contract, the employee cannot be categorized to be an employee (Bell, p. 27). The employment contract is legally binding relationship between an employer and his employee that defines the structure and contents of the relationship between each of them and it strengthens all the claims to employment tribunals and litigates legal risks and liabilities (Leighton, p. 11). Recruitment, one of the fundamental functions of HRM, is a basic step to create an employment contract and relation between employer and employee and this, if conducted effectively, can ease the procedure of forming employment contract by including relevant terms and contents in it. The contract of employment is very similar to any other legal contract in many aspects. Generally, a contract of employment will be expressed in writing, but this not the case always as in the case of other contracts (Bell, p. 28). It is legally and strongly advisable to the employer to issue a written contract so that it will help mitigate all legal risks associated with employment and also to avoid misunderstandings between both the parties. There can be temporary of full time employment contracts as well in which contract is agreed between the parties that it will end within a specific period of time or it is of unlimited duration (Macdonald, p. 36- 37). The contract of employment may consist of a number of terms and conditions and these can either be expressed or implied. Expressed terms are those that both the parties

E-Contracts and E-Signatures Essay Example for Free

E-Contracts and E-Signatures Essay I. Forming Contracts Online Disputes arising from contracts entered into online concern the terms and assent to those terms. A. Online Offers Terms should be conspicuous and clearly spelled out. On a Web site, this can be done with a link to a separate page that contains the details. The text lists subjects that might be covered, including remedies, dispute settlement, payment, taxes, refund and return policies, disclaimers, and privacy policies. An online offer should also include a mechanism by which an offeree can affirmatively indicate assent (such as an â€Å"I agree† box to click on). 1. Click-On Agreements A click-on agreement occurs when a buyer, completing a transaction on a computer, is required to indicate his or her assent to be bound by the terms of an offer by clicking on a button that says, for example, â€Å"I agree.† The terms may appear on a Web site through which a buyer is obtaining goods or services, or they may appear on a computer screen when software is loaded. 2. Shrink-wrap Agreements A shrink-wrap agreement is an agreement whose terms are expressed inside a box in which computer hardware or software is packaged. In most cases, the agreement is not between a seller and a buyer, but between a manufacturer and the user of the product. The terms generally concern warranties, remedies, and other issues associated with the use of the product. †¢ Courts often enforce shrink-wrap agreements, reasoning that the seller proposed an offer that the buyer accepted after an opportunity to read the terms. Also, it is more practical to enclose the full terms of a sale in a box. †¢ If a court finds that the buyer learned of the shrink-wrap terms after the parties entered into a contract, the court might conclude that those terms were proposals for additional terms, which were not part of the contract unless the buyer expressly agreed to them. 3. Browse-Wrap Terms Browse-wrap terms, which can also occur in an online transaction, do not require a user to assent to the terms before going ahead with the deal. Offerors of these terms generally assert that they are binding without the user’s active consent. Critics argue that a user should at least be required to navigate past the terms before they should be considered binding. II. E-Signatures The text discusses how e-signatures are created and verified, and their legal effect. A. E-Signature Technologies The text discusses three common methods for creating e-signatures. B. State Laws Governing E-Signatures Most states have laws governing e-signatures, although the laws are not uniform. The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), issued in 1999 and adopted by most states, was an attempt by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) to create more uniformity. C. Federal Law on E-Signatures and E-Documents In 2000, Congress enacted the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act) to provide that no contract, record, or signature may be â€Å"denied legal effect† solely because it is in an electronic form. Some documents are excluded, most notably documents governed by Articles 3, 4, and 9 of the UCC. III. Partnering Agreements Through a partnering agreement, a seller and a buyer agree in advance on the terms to apply in all transactions subsequently conducted electronically. These terms may include access and identification codes. A partnering agreement, like any contract, can prevent later disputes. IV. The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act The UETA, which is a draft of legislation suggested to the states by the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute (ALI), removes barriers to e-commerce by giving the same legal effect to electronic records and signatures as to paper documents and signatures. A. The Scope and Applicability of the UETA The UETA applies only to e-records and e-signatures relating to a transaction (an interaction between two or more people relating to business, commercial or governmental activities). The UETA does not apply to laws governing wills or testamentary trusts, the UCC (except Articles 2 and 2A), the UCITA, and other laws excluded by the states. B. The Federal E-SIGN Act and the UETA If a state enacts the UETA without modification, the E-SIGN Act does not preempt it. The E-SIGN Act does preempt modified versions of the UETA to the extent that they are inconsistent with the E-SIGN Act. Under the E-SIGN Act, states may enact alternative procedures or requirements for the use or acceptance of e-records or e-signatures if (1) those procedures or requirements are consistent with the E-SIGN Act, (2) the state’s procedures do not give greater legal effect to any specific type of technology, and (3) if the state adopts the alternative after the enactment of the E-SIGN Act, the state law must refer to the E-SIGN Act. C. Highlights of the UETA State versions may vary. 1. The Parties Must Agree to Conduct Transaction Electronically This agreement may be implied by the circumstances and the parties’ conduct (for example, giving out a business card with an e-mail address on it). Consent may also be withdrawn. 2. Parties Can â€Å"Opt Out† Parties can waive or vary any or all of the UETA, but the UETA applies in the absence of an agreement to the contrary. 3. Attribution The effect of an e-record is determined from its context and circumstances. A person’s name is not necessary to give effect to an e-record, but if, for example, a person types her or his name at the bottom of an e-mail purchase order, that typing qualifies as a â€Å"signature† and is attributed to the person. Any relevant evidence can prove that an e-record or e-signature is, or is not, the act of the person. If issues arise relating to agency, authority, forgery, or contract formation, state laws other than the UETA apply. 4. Notarization A document can be notarized by a notary’s e-signature. 5. The Effect of Errors If the parties agree to a security procedure and one party does not detect an error because it did not follow the procedure, the conforming party can avoid the effect of the error [UETA 10]. If the parties do not agree on a security procedure, other state laws determine the effect of the mistake. To avoid the effect of an error, a party must (1) promptly notify the other of the error and of his or her intent not to be bound by it and (2) take reasonable steps to return any benefit or consideration received. If restitution cannot be made, the transaction may be unavoidable. 6. Timing An e-record is sent when it is properly directed from the sender’s place of business to the intended recipient in a form readable by the recipient’s computer at the recipient’s place of business that has the closest relation to the transaction (or either party’s residence, if there is no place of business). Once an e-record leaves the sender’s control or comes under the recipient’s control, it is sent. An e-record is received when it enters the recipient’s processing system in a readable form—even if no person is aware of its receipt.

The Sixth Sense Essay -- essays papers

The Sixth Sense The Sixth Sense, directed and written by M. Night Shyamalan, follows the troubled life of eight-year-old Cole Sear, played by Haley Joel Osment, who is haunted by his supernatural abilities to see and communicate with the dead. Being sought after by the disturbed spirits of his hometown of Philadelphia, Cole must reconcile this frightening power with his desperate desire to be normal. Growing more isolated from his helpless mother and distrustful of his peers in school, Cole soon encounters child psychologist Dr. Malcolm Crow (Bruce Willis), who is led by obsessive ambitions, although weakened by the thought of his neglected wife. Still, Malcolm represents the only hope for dissolving the horror and restoring sanity. The main character would have to be Dr. Malcolm Crow played by Bruce Willis. Early on in the story is attacked by a former patient. The experience leaves him traumatized, and lost. Something inside him has died. Dr. Crow feels the only way to redeem himself for failing to help that former patient is to somehow find a way to help Cole. Wearing in a dull gray suit, he brings a sadness to his character’s detachment that supports the entire production. The movie The Sixth Sense is made in a very unconventional way. The end really changes the sequence of the movie. The end of the movie finally makes the whole movie understandable. There is a very strange flow in the sequence of the plot. In my opinion, the very last scene should have bee...

Ooad Design Specifications

Restaurant All-in-one Management System (RAMs) Design Specification with UML by Leung Chun Kit and Leung Ting Fong 03011720 and 03011739 (Group 22) COMP 2221 Lecturer: Prof. Jiming Liu December 4, 2004 I. Table of Content I. Table of Content1 II. Graphical Notion Used2 Notation of Use Case Diagram2 Notation of Class Diagram2 Notation of Sequence Diagram3 1. Use Case Diagram4 1. 1. Use Case Diagram of End User Acting with the RAMsystem4 2. Class Diagram5 2. 1. Class Diagram of RAMsystem5 3. Sequence Diagram6 3. 1. Sequence Diagram of staff6 3. 2. Sequence Diagram of manager8 3. 3. Sequence Diagram of administrator9II. Graphical Notion Used Notation of Use Case Diagram [pic] Notation of Class Diagram [pic] Notation of Sequence Diagram [pic] 1. Use Case Diagram 1. Use Case Diagram of End User Acting with the RAMsystem Description: End users(administrator, manager, staff) can perform ordering, editing ,checking and management function insider the RAMsystem. End user can use food ordering function and food editing function only bill had been created by user. Only manager can manage the duty roaster. No one can edit the database or checks the password database execpt the administrator. [pic] 2. Class Diagram 1.Class Diagram of RAMsystem Description: All user and database of RAMsystem is created by the administrator. Administrator can modify any of the data in the RAMsystem. Staff and manager can create or edit bill but only manager can edit duty roaster. Bill has id, date and cost. Each bill has a unique id. User can be categorized into 3 types, administrator, manager and staff. All users have their own unique id and password. Both the administrator and the other user can change their own password. However, administrator can change the password everyone. [pic] 3. Sequence Diagram 1. Sequence Diagram of staff Description:Staff can only add order, create bill, check bill. As well as edit the bill that responsible by he/she and check duty. [pic][pic] [pic] [pic] 2. Sequ ence Diagram of manager Description: Manager can do all the function which the staff has the right to do if. Furthermore, manager can edit any of the bills but not only that responsible by he/she. Also, manager can also manage duty roaster and check all the data in the database except the database that store the password. [pic] [pic] 3. Sequence Diagram of administrator Description: Administrator can do all the function of the RAMsystem including modify all of the databases. [pic]

Financial analysis of Ryanair and British Airways - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2619 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 3. Financial analysis The purpose of financial analysis is to determine the financial health of a business. Generally, this analysis is performed by the professionals who prepare reports using the ratios taken from various financial reports. The financial ratios calculated are also helpful to compare with different business. The following analysis studies the four major financial positions of BA and Ryan air; Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial analysis of Ryanair and British Airways" essay for you Create order Profitability, Efficiency, Liquidity and Financial gearing. 3.1 Profitability: It is the primary goal for any business, without this the business cannot be projected in long run. The purpose of measuring profitability is the key contribution for success of business. The ratios which are used to evaluate profitability are listed below: Return on ordinary shareholders funds (ROSF) Return on capital employed (ROCE) Net profit margin Gross profit margin. 3.1.1 ROSF: It compares the amount of profit for the period available to the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s average stake in the business during that same period. The ratio is expressed below: ROSF = (Net profit after taxation and preference dividend (if any) / ordinary share capital +reserves) ÃÆ'— 100 The Ratios calculated for BA Ryan air are shown below: From the above table, it is clearly seen that BA values are inconsistent but whereas Ryan air tends to show improvement every year which gives more profits to the shareholders. From the definition we can say that the high ROSF %, the more profit available to shareholders. The year 2011 considered to be good for both airlines BA and Ryan air, since they are making huge profits and improved revenues compared to their previous year performance. As a result, their ROSF had risen to 26% 11.34% which resulting high profits to the shareholders. This scenario has changed completely when it comes to 2012 for BA. If their investors left their money in bank, they could have got some positive returns. But instead BA returned (3.6%) to their investors. Though its revenue is increased by 8% and operational cost by 11% it continued to show appreciable operating results. However, due to exceptional costs items like expense related to pensions, BMIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acquisition affected the BA economy. On the other hand, Ryan air returned 16.11% which is higher than previous year to the shareholders. This is because Ryan air revenue increased by 25% and profit by 50% approximately compared to 2011. (According to annual report 2012).Though its operating costs are increased due to (fuel price rise) it managed to balance that by increasing passengers fares of about 15%. In 2013, BA has raised from loss of (3.6) % to 10.78%. This is because of company attains the profit from exceptional items ( £57m) and IAG part of BA contributed  £ (265m) and also revenue rose by 5.5%. Though inconsistent in fuel prices affects their operational costs which is almost 0.3% of their total operational costs. But BA managed to stabilise it by non-fuel costs which has risen in 2012. Whereas Ryan air revenue increased by 13% which is less compared to 2012 change. Since ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a low cost carrier it should maintain passenger fare as low as possible in order to compete with its rivals but, inconsistency in fuel prices had raised their operational costs by 45% and passenger fare by 6%. At the end company operated in profits and returned 17.35% to the shareholders. Based on ROSF results, we can say that Ryan air has performed well continuously in three consecutive yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s period by giving profits to its shareholders but BA shown some ups and downs in its results. Further ratios will give us more idea why the difference has been evolved in their performance. 3.1.2 ROCE (Return on capital employed): It is a fundamental measure of business performance. ROCE is defined as the ratio of net operating profit to the capital employed. Capital employed is the difference b/w total assets and current liabilities. The ratio is expressed below: ROCE = (NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX / CAPITAL EMPLOYED) ÃÆ'— 100 The ratios calculated for BA and Ryan air is shown below: The above table describes the ROCE of a company for a period 2011-2013. From the definition we can state that higher the value of ROSE is indicating that the company c generates more earnings per dollar of capital employed. It enables us to analyse and compare BA and Ryan air without the impact of tax. It also considered the long-term debt as a part of capital, which is not the case of ROSF.Thus; this ratio reveals how BA and Ryan air economized on its overall capital. In 2011, BA performed well by giving a positive result due to increased revenue in 2011 from premium travel passengers. But the performance is shrined in 2012 due to rise in operational costs and loss of  £ 41m on exceptional items and also  £66m due to partnership with IAG. Due to this it had shown negative result in 2012. But in 2013, it again rises to 4.11% from (1.86%) because of the factors explained in ROSF. Ryan air has shown continuous improvement for three years. In 2011 its profit increased by 26% and carefully balancing the fuel costs and operating costs. For the other two years also it continuous to shown good result even though operating cost rise to 45%. Thus, we can say from ROCE ratios Ryan air performed much better than BA. The gross-profit margin is studied below to measure the profitability. 3.1.3 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN: It is a key financial factor that asses the profitability of a company core activities excluding fixed cost. Gross profit represents the difference b/w sales revenue and the cost of sales. The ratio is represented by gross profit to the sales revenue generated for the same period. It is a given by the formula shown below: Gross profit margin = (gross profit/sales revenue) ÃÆ'— 100 Gross profit margin ratios of BA and Ryan air is shown below: It can be seen from above table that Ryan air performed well compared to BA. Though the values over three years slightly fluctuate but they were generating good profitability by improving their sales and proper balancing and control of fuel costs which has almost rise to 38% in 2013. Similarly airport charges and other operational costs were stabilised to make airline in profitable condition. On other hand, BA also performed well except for the year 2012.in which its fuel costs rise by 14 %, maintenance by 15% and operating lease costs by 34%. Due to this they showed lower values. But by gaining proper control over the above costs mentioned they started to improve their profitability by 2013. Now net profit margin is studied in order to see whether the airline is able to improve its profitability. 3.1.4 NET PROFIT MARGIN: It is the defined as the ratio b/w net profit before tax to the sales revenue. It also measures how much each of dollar earned by the company is translated into profits. If the value is low it indicates low margin of safety and higher risk that the sales decline will erase profits and lead to net loss. It is given by the formula as shown below: Net profit margin = (profit before tax / sales revenue) ÃÆ'— 100 Net profit margin ratios for BA and Ryan air shown below: The above table depicts us Ryan air is operating much better than BA. From annual reports it is known that BA invested much money for long-term asset. Hence, their net profit margins are quite low in these three years. In 2011, it invested in IAG, bought BMI at  £172.5m in 2012 and from 2011 ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investing  £5 billion every year for new fleet and up gradation of fleet and other.in 2011 it opened T5 which will be home to A380 fleet from 2013. On the other hand, Ryan air net profit margins are high since its investments for long term assets are low compared to BA. Ryan air continuously invest to buy new a/cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hence ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the reason that it has youngest fleet of planes in the world. In 2013 it decided to buy 175 new Boeing 737-800 a/c which will be a long term asset for the Ryan air to transport more no. of passengers. In conclusion to the analysis of BA and Ryan air, profitability is measured by using various ratios. The results are fluctuated for BA whereas Ryan air tends to show improvement year by year from 2011-13. Both BA and Ryan air increased their revenues, gained some control over operational costs along the analysis and deliver positive returns except for the year 2012 for BA. 3.2 EFFICIENCY: The efficiency ratios measure the efficiency in which various resources are managed and used in the business. The following ratios are used to evaluate the efficiency of the business: Average settlement period for receivables Average settlement period for payables Sales revenue to capital employed Sales revenue per employee 3.2.1 Average settlement period for Receivables: A business will usually be concerned with how long it takes for customers to pay the amounts owing. The efficient and timely collection of customer debts is a vital part of cash flow management. So this is the ratio which is very closely watched in many businesses. It is given by the formula as shown below: Avg.settlement period for receivables = (Trade receivables/sales revenue) ÃÆ'—365. The ratios calculated for BA and Ryan air shown below table: The values in above table depict the average number of days used to collect its revenue from debtors. Both BA and Ryan air has got appreciable shorter period to collect their revenue. In the analysis period from 2011- 13, BA managed to get back his revenue from receivables by an average of 17 days with slightly increased in 2013 compared to 2011. When it comes to Ryan air it has got very shorter period of an average of 5 days. From the table it is clearly seen that debtor days have fallen which means business is converting credit sales into cash much quicker than BA. This shorter period certainly asset for Ryan air liquidity. 3.2.2 Average settlement period for payables: The average settlement period for payables measures how long, on average, the business takes to pay its trade payables. The ratio is calculated by a formula shown below: Average settlement period for payables = (trade payables/credit purchases) ÃÆ'—365 The ratios calculated for creditors as shown below: 3.2.3 Sales revenue to capital employed: This ratio examines how effectively the assets of the business are being used to generate sales revenue. Greater the value represents higher productivity. The ratio is calculated by a formula shown below: Sales revenue to capital employed= (sales revenue/ (total assets-current liabilities)) The ratios are calculated for BA and Ryan air as shown below: From the table it is clearly seen that both BA and Ryan air have utilised their assets properly to improve their productivity and hence it is the reason their values of productivity rising over past three years. The values of Ryan air is small compared to BA because Ryan air revenue is almost half of BAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total revenue. At last despite of their company size both are making use of their assets properly. 3.2.4 Sales revenue per employee: It is the ratio relates sale revenue generated to a particular business resource, which is labour. Higher the value indicates greater staff efficiency. Its ratio is calculated by a formula shown below: Sales revenue per employee = (sales revenue / number of employees) The ratio calculated for BA and Ryan air shown below: The above tables describes about sales revenue per employee. Both companies uses different currency so for better analysis BA revenue is converted to euros according to exchange rate in that periods. The values clearly states that Ryan air is more labour productive than BA and other fact is noticed from table is that two companies increasing their efficiency over the analysis period 2011-2013. 3.3 LIQUIDITY: These ratios are concerned with the ability of the business to meet its short-term financial obligations. Higher the ratio, the more liquid the business is considered to be, since liquidity is vital to the survival of a business. Liquidity is measured by the following ratios shown below: Current ratio; Acid test ratio. 3.3.1 Current ratio: It is defined as the ratio b/w liquid assets to the current liabilities. A higher current ratio is preferable to a normal one since liquidity is vital part in business. It is given by the formula as shown: Current Ratio = (current assets/ current liabilities) The current ratio values for BA and Ryan air shown below: Values in above table clearly depict that BA current ratio values over three years 1. It means that their short-term liabilities exceeded their short term assets. The reason behind this can be clearly understood by analysing their cash flow statements. BA investing large amount of money during 2011-2013 for long-term assets benefits. They invested in getting IMG in 2011 and investing  £5bilion every year for new a/cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and the current fleet up gradation. Moreover, BA cash flow is burned with cash payments related to pension schemes almost  £300m and finance costs of  £90m in 2011-12. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the reason its current ratio value shrined in 2012 and it managed to rise in 2013. On the other hand, Ryan air maintained its current ratio values 1 throughout analysis period in which it properly balanced short-term assets over liabilities and has got more liquidity compared to BA. In 2013 Ryan air current ratio value is decreased compared to 2012 because it has decided to buy 175 new Boeing 737 planes over next five years. Overall, Ryan air liquidity is better than BA. 3.3.2 Acid-test ratio: This is an indicator that determines whether a company has enough short-term assets to cover immediate liabilities without selling inventory. This ratio is more reliable compared to current ratio because it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t include inventory. This is given by a formula as shown below: Acid-test ratio=current assets / current liabilities. (Excludes inventories in current assets) The values for BA and Ryan are shown below: From the table it is seen that BA values during analysis period is 1.So, from this we can observe that its current liabilities exceeded current assets and for repaying liabilities the company depends on inventories. To contrast Ryan air maintained its ratio 1.so, this ratio indicates that company experiencing good growth, fastly converting receivables into cash and also it can also overcome its financial obligations without depending on inventories. In conclusion to the analysis of BA and Ryan air, liquidity is measured by using various ratios. The results are fluctuated for BA whereas Ryan air tends to show improvement year by year from 2011-13. Ryan air has got more liquidity compared to BA and it can easily overcome its financial obligations. 3.4 Financial Gearing: It is the relationship b/w the contribution to financing made by the owners of the business and the amount contributed by others in form of loans. A business level of gearing is an important factor accessing risk. Gearing takes place of ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insufficient funds. Any business borrowing money from others agrees to pay interests; if the borrowing is heavy then this can be significant financial burden to the company. The ratios used to measure gearing are shown below: Gearing ratio; Interest cover ratio. 3.4.1 Gearing ratio: It is defined as ratio b/w long-term lenders to the long-term capital structure of a business. It is given by a formula as shown: Gearing ratio = (non-current liabilities/capital employed) The gearing ratios for BA and Ryan air calculated below: The values from table states that both companies are highly geared businesses since their gearing ratios 50%. Both the companies have high shares of long-term debt in their long-term capital structure. So both companies are subjected to financial risk. Ryan air tends to decrease its debts during analysed period which can be seen from the table by controlling their operational costs effectively during analysed period. Whereas, BA managed to decrease their debts with some fluctuations in values which can be observed from the years 2011-2013.so, a cash flow which is strong and reliable can handle high gearing effectively compared to cash flow which is unreliable .